Descriptions of the part-of-speech tags for all versions of the model.
CLAWS7
CLAWS7 is robust part-of-speech tagset developed at Lancaster University. (Try it!) It is used in the BYU family of corpora, a project headed by Mark Davies and in ongoing development. The popularity of those data sets partly motivated the choice to use this tagset – as opposed to say the Penn Treebank tagset.
This allows users to compare their results directly to those from much larger corpora. The tradeoff, is that CLAWS7 has is large and relatively fine-grained, which can be challenging for users with less familiarity to English syntax.
Tags table
| Tag | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| APPGE | possessive pronoun, pre-nominal | my, your, our |
| AT | article | the, no |
| AT1 | singular article | a, an, every |
| BCL | before-clause marker | in order (that), in order (to) |
| CC | coordinating conjunction | and, or |
| CCB | adversative coordinating conjunction | but |
| CS | subordinating conjunction | if, because, unless, so, for |
| CSA | as as conjunction | as |
| CSN | than as conjunction | than |
| CST | that as conjunction | that |
| CSW | whether as conjunction | whether |
| DA | after-determiner or post-determiner capable of pronominal function | such, former, same |
| DA1 | singular after-determiner | little, much |
| DA2 | plural after-determiner | few, several, many |
| DAR | comparative after-determiner | more, less, fewer |
| DAT | superlative after-determiner | most, least, fewest |
| DB | before determiner or pre-determiner capable of pronominal function | all, half |
| DB2 | plural before-determiner | both |
| DD | determiner (capable of pronominal function) | any, some |
| DD1 | singular determiner | this, that, another |
| DD2 | plural determiner | these,those |
| DDQ | wh-determiner | which, what |
| DDQGE | wh-determiner, genitive | whose |
| DDQV | wh-ever determiner | whichever, whatever |
| EX | existential there | there (is), there (are) |
| FO | formula | |
| FU | unclassified word | |
| FW | foreign word | |
| GE | germanic genitive marker | ‘, ’s |
| IF | for (as preposition) | for |
| II | general preposition | about, on |
| IO | of (as preposition) | of |
| IW | with, without (as prepositions) | with, without |
| JJ | general adjective | nice, new |
| JJR | general comparative adjective | older, better, stronger |
| JJT | general superlative adjective | oldest, best, strongest |
| JK | catenative adjective (able in be able to, willing in be willing to | able (in be able to), willing (in be willing to) |
| MC | cardinal number,neutral for number | two, three |
| MC1 | singular cardinal number | one |
| MC2 | plural cardinal number | sixes, sevens |
| MCGE | genitive cardinal number, neutral for number | two’s, 100’s |
| MCMC | hyphenated number | 40-50, 1770-1827 |
| MD | ordinal number | first, second, next, last |
| MF | fraction,neutral for number | quarters, two-thirds |
| ND1 | singular noun of direction | north, southeast |
| NN | common noun, neutral for number | sheep, cod, headquarters |
| NN1 | singular common noun | book, girl |
| NN2 | plural common noun | books, girls |
| NNA | following noun of title | M.A. |
| NNB | preceding noun of title | Mr., Prof. |
| NNL1 | singular locative noun | Island, Street |
| NNL2 | plural locative noun | Islands, Streets |
| NNO | numeral noun, neutral for number | dozen, hundred |
| NNO2 | numeral noun, plural | hundreds, thousands |
| NNT1 | temporal noun, singular | day, week, year |
| NNT2 | temporal noun, plural | days, weeks, years |
| NNU | unit of measurement, neutral for number | in, cc |
| NNU1 | singular unit of measurement | inch, centimetre |
| NNU2 | plural unit of measurement | ins., feet |
| NP | proper noun, neutral for number | IBM, Andes |
| NP1 | singular proper noun | London, Jane, Frederick |
| NP2 | plural proper noun | Browns, Reagans, Koreas |
| NPD1 | singular weekday noun | Sunday |
| NPD2 | plural weekday noun | Sundays |
| NPM1 | singular month noun | October |
| NPM2 | plural month noun | Octobers |
| PN | indefinite pronoun, neutral for number | none |
| PN1 | indefinite pronoun, singular | anyone, everything, nobody, one |
| PNQO | objective wh-pronoun | whom |
| PNQS | subjective wh-pronoun | who |
| PNQV | wh-ever pronoun | whoever |
| PNX1 | reflexive indefinite pronoun | oneself |
| PPGE | nominal possessive personal pronoun | mine, yours |
| PPH1 | 3rd person sing. neuter personal pronoun | it |
| PPHO1 | 3rd person sing. objective personal pronoun | him, her |
| PPHO2 | 3rd person plural objective personal pronoun | them |
| PPHS1 | 3rd person sing. subjective personal pronoun | her, she |
| PPHS2 | 3rd person plural subjective personal pronoun | they |
| PPIO1 | 1st person sing. objective personal pronoun | me |
| PPIO2 | 1st person plural objective personal pronoun | us |
| PPIS1 | 1st person sing. subjective personal pronoun | I |
| PPIS2 | 1st person plural subjective personal pronoun | we |
| PPX1 | singular reflexive personal pronoun | yourself, itself |
| PPX2 | plural reflexive personal pronoun | yourselves, themselves |
| PPY | 2nd person personal pronoun | you |
| RA | adverb, after nominal head | else, galore |
| REX | adverb introducing appositional constructions | namely, e.g. |
| RG | degree adverb | very, so, too |
| RGQ | wh- degree adverb | how |
| RGQV | wh-ever degree adverb | however |
| RGR | comparative degree adverb | more, less |
| RGT | superlative degree adverb (most, least | |
| RL | locative adverb | alongside, forward |
| RP | prep. adverb, particle | about, in |
| RPK | prep. adv., catenative | about (in be about to) |
| RR | general adverb | quietly, importanlty |
| RRQ | wh- general adverb | where, when, why, how |
| RRQV | wh-ever general adverb | wherever, whenever |
| RRR | comparative general adverb | better, longer |
| RRT | superlative general adverb | best, longest |
| RT | quasi-nominal adverb of time | now, tomorrow |
| TO | infinitive marker | to |
| UH | interjection | oh, yes, um |
| VB0 | be, base form (finite i.e. imperative, subjunctive) | be |
| VBDR | were | were |
| VBDZ | was | was |
| VBG | being | being |
| VBI | be, infinitive | be (in to be or not… or in it will be…) |
| VBM | am | am |
| VBN | been | been |
| VBR | are | are |
| VBZ | is | is |
| VD0 | do, base form (finite | do |
| VDD | did | did |
| VDG | doing | doing |
| VDI | do, infinitive | do (in I may do… or in to do…) |
| VDN | done | done |
| VDZ | does | does |
| VH0 | have, base form (finite | have |
| VHD | had (past tense) | had |
| VHG | having | having |
| VHI | have, infinitive | have |
| VHN | had (past participle) | had |
| VHZ | has | has |
| VM | modal auxiliary | can, will, would |
| VMK | modal catenative | ought, used |
| VV0 | base form of lexical verb | give, work |
| VVD | past tense of lexical verb | gave, worked |
| VVG | -ing participle of lexical verb | giving, working |
| VVGK | -ing participle catenative | going (in be going to) |
| VVI | infinitive | to give… It will work… |
| VVN | past participle of lexical verb | given, worked |
| VVNK | past participle catenative | bound (in be bound to) |
| VVZ | -s form of lexical verb | gives, works |
| XX | not, n’t | not, n’t |
| ZZ1 | singular letter of the alphabet | A,b |
| ZZ2 | plural letter of the alphabet | A’s, b’s |